계절이 바뀔 때 — ADHD·자폐와 마음의 계절
01「몇 월생」 이야기 — 계절이 아니라 반에서의 나이
같은 학년에서 가장 늦게 태어난 아이가 ADHD 진단을 더 자주 받는다는 이야기는 사실입니다. 다만 그 까닭은 태어난 계절이 아니라, 반에서 가장 어리다는 것으로 설명됩니다. 이를 상대 나이 효과라고 부릅니다.
2018년 미국 어린이 407,846명의 보험 기록을 본 연구가 대표적입니다. 9월 1일이 입학 기준인 주에서, 기준일 바로 앞에 태어난 8월생은 1만 명당 85.1명이 ADHD 진단을 받았고 9월생은 63.6명이었습니다. 약 치료도 52.9명 대 40.4명이었습니다. 그런데 입학 기준일이 다른 주에서는 이런 차이가 없었고, 다른 달끼리 견줄 때도, 천식·당뇨·비만에서도 차이가 없었습니다. 계절이 아니라 학교 기준일을 따라간다는 뜻입니다.
2025년에 32편을 모은 분석에서도 반에서 가장 어린 아이는 ADHD 진단을 1.38배, 약 처방을 1.28배 더 받았습니다. 이 차이는 교사가 매긴 평가에서는 보였지만 부모가 매긴 평가에서는 보이지 않았습니다. 미국·한국·대만 6곳의 의료 기록 1,050만 명을 본 2018년 연구에서도, 태어난 달과 관련된 병 가운데 입학 나이로 설명되는 것은 ADHD 하나였습니다.
그렇다면 가장 어린 아이들의 진단은 잘못 붙은 것일까요? 15개 나라 41개 연구의 ADHD 아동 4,708명을 4~33년 따라간 2023년 분석에서는, 반에서의 나이가 ADHD가 이어지는지와 관련이 없었습니다. 가장 어려서 진단받은 아이들도 나중에 진단이 뒤집히는 일이 더 많지 않았습니다. 연구진은 이 결과를 두고 두 가지 해석을 함께 내놓았습니다.
한국은 같은 해 1~12월에 태어난 아이들이 한 학년이 되므로, 같은 원리라면 12월생이 반에서 가장 어립니다. 이번에 확인한 연구들은 주로 미국·유럽 자료이고, 한국 학교에서 같은 크기로 나타나는지는 따로 확인하지 못했습니다. 반에서 어린 아이를 볼 때는 그 나이를 함께 놓고 보는 것이 도움이 됩니다.
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